Manufacturing method of multilayer shell-core composite structural component

ABSTRACT

A manufacturing method of a multilayer shell-core composite structural component comprises the following procedures: (1) respectively preparing feeding material for injection forming of a core layer, a buffer layer and a shell layer, wherein the powders of feeding material of the core layer and the shell layer are selected from one or more of metallic powder, ceramic powder or toughening ceramic powder, and are different from each other, and the powder of feeding material of the buffer layer is gradient composite material powder; (2) layer by layer producing the blank of multilayer shell-core composite structural component by powder injection molding; (3) degreasing the blank; (4) sintering the blank to obtain the multilayer shell-core composite structural component. The multilayer shell-core composite structural component has the advantages of high surface hardness, abrasion resistance, uniform thickness of the shell layer, stable and persistent performance.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/878,233, filed Apr. 8, 2013 which is a national stage application of PCT/CN11/76586, filed Jun. 29, 2011 which claims the priority of Chinese Patent Application No. 201010299138.8, filed Oct. 8, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to manufacturing a multilayer shell-core structural component, and more particularly, to a multilayer shell-core composite structural component with a spherical, hemispheric, hemispherical shell, columnar, tubular, or irregular shape.

BACKGROUND

Components with a spherical, hemispheric, hemispherical shell, columnar or tubular shape, or any other irregular shape are widely used in all kinds of fields. In most applications, the components are not only required to have good properties of wear-resistance, corrosion-resistance and heat-resistance, high-precision of dimensional coordination and smooth finished surface, but also have high obdurability, mechanical bearing capacity, and machinability. The common components may include an artificial femoral ball head in total hip arthroplasty components, an artificial acetabulum with a hemispherical shell shape, a plunger with a columnar shape, a ball valve body with a tubular shape, and an irregular femoral condyle prosthesis, i.e. prosthetic knees, and so on.

Ceramic material has characteristics of high surface hardness, wear-resistance, and corrosion-resistance. However, it has low flexural strength and low fracture toughness with bad mechanical bearing capacity. Components made of ceramic material are more likely to crack brittlely, therefore can not be used to manufacture the above mentioned components individually. In the existing techniques, composite toughening ceramic emerges to improve fracture toughness of the common ceramic. However, composite toughening ceramic, despite its high fracture toughness, has some drawbacks compared with the common ceramic. For example, alumina ceramic with introduction of zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) has its surface hardness and compression resistance strength to be lowered. Ceramic with introduction of whisker or fiber has its density and wear-resistance property to be decreased.

To solve above problems, there appears, in the existing techniques, a shell-core structural component which includes a shell layer of ceramic and a core layer of metal, by forming a ceramic film on the surface of a metal using all kinds of physical or chemical methods, so as to increase wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance of the component. The shell-core structural component has a metal core, and it has excellent flexural strength, and high fracture toughness and machinability, which thereby is not likely to crack. In addition, the shell-core structural component has a ceramic shell, it has high surface hardness, and good wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance. That is, the shell-core structural component combines advantages of both metal and ceramic. Usually, the above-mentioned ceramic film is formed using a physical or chemical deposition. However, the ceramic film formed by these methods are thin in thickness, ranging from several micrometers to tens of micrometers, weak in adhesive strength between the shell layer and the core layer, poor in mechanical bearing capacity, and poor in durability and stability of wear-resistance and corrosion-resistance.

In order to increase the thickness of the ceramic shell layer and adhesive strength between the shell layer and the core layer, there provides three methods in the existing technology and will be described below. The first method may include: mixing ceramic powder, metal powder, and compound powder having different proportions of ceramic powder and metal powder, with organic carrier to obtain a slurry with a certain solid loading; tape casting, stacking and cold pressing to form a green body of a multilayer shell-core composite structural component having a shell layer, a transition layer, and a core layer; and sintering the green body to obtain a multilayer shell-core composite structural component. The second method may include: dry powder cold pressing repeatedly on ceramic powder, metal powder and compound powder having different proportions of ceramic powder and metal powder, to form a green body of a multilayer shell-core composite structural component having a shell layer, a transition layer and a core layer; and sintering the green body to obtain a multilayer shell-core composite structural component. The third method may include: mixing ceramic powder, metal powder and compound powder having different proportions of ceramic powder and metal powder with a solvent like deionized water to obtain a suspension liquid with a certain solid loading; electrostatic depositing on the suspension liquid in multiple steps to obtain a green body of a multilayer shell-core composite structural component having a shell layer, a transition layer and a core layer; and sintering the green body to obtain a multilayer shell-core composite structural component. However, the above mentioned methods have following disadvantages, such as hard to form an irregular shape, layers in high and even thickness, and hard to accurately control the thickness of each layer, and microstructure and performance of the multilayer shell-core composite structural component. Thus, it is difficult to apply the existing methods to form a multilayer shell-core composite structural component required in this disclosure. That is, using the existing methods, it is difficult to obtain a multilayer shell-core composite structural component having high surface hardness, high wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance, high adhesive strength between the shell layer and the core layer, good mechanical bearing capacity, high fracture toughness, and high matching ability and stability of performance.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a multilayer shell-core composite structural component, realizing a formation of precision components with a spherical, hemispheric, hemispherical-shell, columnar, or tubular shape, or an irregular shape in a multilayer shell-core composite structural component, and improving adhesive strength between the shell layer and the core layer, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, heat resistance of the shell layer, and obdurability and resistance to breakage of the core layer.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for manufacturing a multilayer shell-core composite structural component. The method includes:

(1) preparing feedstocks of a shell layer, a transition layer and a core layer for powder injection molding, respectively, the feedstocks being obtained by mixing a powder, an binder and an additive including a surface active agent and a plasticizer; where the powder of the feedstock of the core layer may be selected from one or more of a metal powder, a ceramic powder and a toughening ceramic powder; the powder of the feedstock of the shell layer may be selected from one or more of a metal powder, a ceramic powder and a toughening ceramic powder; the powder of the feedstock of the core layer is different from the powder of the feedstock of the shell layer, and the powder of the feedstock of the transition layer is a powder of gradient composite material;

(2) performing a powder injection molding using the prepared feedstocks in step (1), to obtain a green body of the multilayer shell-core composite structural component including the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer;

(3) performing debinding on the green body obtained in step (2); and

(4) sintering the green body after being debound in step (3), to obtain the multilayer shell-core composite structural component based on properties of the materials used in the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer.

In some embodiments, the material of the transition layer may be selected depending on thermal expansion coefficients of the shell layer and the core layer, and negative chemical reaction degree between the shell layer and the core layer, so that situations of a reduction of stress mismatch of the interlayer interface, and a degradation of interlayer adhesive strength and even crack, which are caused by different thermal expansion coefficients of the shell layer and the core layer, may be relieved and chemical reaction between the shell layer and the core layer when they are in direct contact under certain conditions (e.g., in elevated temperature sintering) may be avoided. Appropriate materials for the transition layer may be selected according to actual requirements. The transition layer may have a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 20 mm. The additive may include a surface active agent and a plasticizer as needed. In some embodiments, after the green body of the component is obtained in step (2), a surface finishing may be performed on the green body to ensure the product's quality. After being sintered, micro-machining and surface polishing may be performed on the component, for example, using SiC ultrafine powder and diamond abrasive paste to micro-machine and polish the ceramic surface, to obtain a multilayer shell-core composite structural component having a smooth finished surface and a proper dimensional coordination. The binder may include thermoplastic binder, thermosetting binder, gel binder and polymer binder. The debinding process in step (3) may include catalytic debinding, heating debinding, dissolution extraction debinding, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) debinding or siphon debinding. The sintering process in step (4) may include high-temperature atmospheric-pressure sintering, vacuum sintering, controlled atmosphere sintering, hot pressed sintering, or Hot Isostatic Pressing sintering, in a reducing atmosphere or an inert atmosphere, such as in atmosphere, nitrogen, argon, vacuum or hydrogen.

In some embodiments, the powder injection molding may be performed in two different ways. For example, in step (2): performing injection moldings in multiple steps on an ordinary powder injection molding machine, using multiple sets of moulds successively, to obtain a green body of the composite structural component including the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer.

Alternatively, in step (2): performing a co-injection molding through an injection device driven by a slider block on a multi-material powder co-injection machine to obtain a green body of the composite structural component including the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer.

The transition layer may have a single-layer or multi-layer structure. For a multi-layer transition layer, feedstock of each layer of the transition layer may be prepared respectively, and the transition layer may be formed layer by layer through powder injection molding.

The ceramic powder may be one or more selected from a group consisting of alumina, zirconia, titanium carbide, chromium carbide, silicon carbide, boron carbide, zirconium carbide, tantalum carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium nitride, chromium nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, zirconium nitride and tantalum nitride. The metal powder may be one or more selected from a group consisting of niobium, zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, aluminum and iron. Generally, the core layer may be made of metal powder, and the shell layer may be made of ceramic powder. Alternatively, the shell layer may be made of ceramic powder, and the core layer may be made of another kind of ceramic powder or toughening ceramic powder. Or, the shell layer may be made of metal powder, and the core layer may be made of ceramic powder or toughening ceramic powder. The transition layer may ensure a strong adhesive strength between the shell layer and the core layer.

The toughening ceramic may be metal-based or ceramic-based cermet which may be composed of a ceramic or a metal described above, or ceramic toughened by zirconia, whisker or fiber. Specifically, the toughening ceramic may include:

(1) cermet: (a) oxide-based cermet, which may be obtained by using alumina or zirconia as a base, composited with a metal such as niobium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, Chromium, vanadium, aluminum or iron. (b) carbide-based cermet, which may be obtained by using titanium carbide, chromium carbide, silicon carbide, boron carbide, zirconium carbide, tantalum carbide or tungsten carbide as a base, composited with a metal such as niobium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, aluminum or iron. (c) nitride-based cermet, which may be obtained by using titanium nitride, chromium nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, zirconium nitride or tantalum nitride as a base, composited with a metal such as niobium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, aluminum or iron. (d) metal-based cermet, which may be obtained by using a metal such as niobium, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, aluminum or iron as a base, composited with oxide powder or non-oxide powder.

(2) ZrO₂ toughening ceramic, which may be MgO, CeO₂ or Y₂O₃ partially stabilized ZrO₂ toughening ceramic, or may be used as a toughening additive. The ZrO₂ toughening ceramic may be spread uniformly in oxide powder or non-oxide powder, then being calcined to obtain ZrO₂ toughening composite oxide ceramic or composite non-oxide ceramic having an excellent sintering activity.

(3) whisker or fiber toughening ceramic, which may be composited using whisker like SiC or Si₃N₄ whisker, or short-staple like carbon fiber or SiC short-staple, with a ceramic such as alumina, zirconia, titanium carbide, chromium carbide, silicon carbide, boron carbide, zirconium carbide, tantalum carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium nitride, chromium nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, zirconium nitride or tantalum nitride.

The powder of gradient composite material of the feedstock of the transition layer may be formed by mixing a powder of the feedstock of the shell layer with a powder of the feedstock of the core layer. The mixing ratio varies progressively in gradient, with the powder of the feedstock of the shell layer taking up a main proportion close to the shell, while the powder of the feedstock of the core layer taking up a main proportion close to the core. The transition layer may be formed layer by layer using multiple injection molding steps. The gradient composite layer may relieve thermal expansion coefficients mismatch (heat stress) between the shell layer and the core layer, prevent negative chemical reaction, and transitionally match the shell layer and the core layer in chemical or physical characteristics.

Generally, the shell layer or the core layer may have a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 20 mm. The transition layer may have a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 20 mm. Each layer may have a relative density of more than 97%.

The multilayer shell-core composite structural component may be spherical, hemispheric, hemispherical-shell, columnar or tubular, or other irregularly shaped.

By using the above technical solutions, (1) a ceramic shell layer may be obtained with a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 20 mm. The ceramic shell layer may has a high shell surface hardness (HV>1300), and high wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high surface finish; (2) a toughening core layer may be obtained having properties of high flexural strength, high load capacity and high fracture toughness (K_(IC)>8 MPa·m^(1/2)); and (3) a transition layer may be formed between the ceramic shell layer and the toughening core layer to decrease interface stress and prevent negative chemical reaction, based on a match degree of the microstructures and properties, and possibility of negative chemical reaction. (4) The ceramic shell layer and the toughening core formed by high-temperature sintering have advantages of high interlayer adhesive strength, good mechanical bearing capacity, and high matching ability and stability of performance.

Compared with the conventional technology, this disclosure has the following advantages:

1. By using multi-material powder co-injection molding, a multilayer shell-core composite structural component is obtained. In the conventional technology, the powder injection molding method can only be used to form a ceramic component in a single material or a metal component in a single material. There is no any report about manufacturing a ceramic and metal multilayer shell-core composite structural component. The present disclosure proposes a concept of a ceramic and metal multi-material powder co-injection molding process, and achieves a multilayer shell-core composite structural component using the processes.

2. By using multi-material powder co-injection molding, a transition layer is formed between the shell layer and the core layer. Thus the defects of a mismatch of the microstructures and properties, high possibility of negative chemical reactions, and low adhesive strength, caused by the differences of chemical or physical properties between the shell layer and the core layer, can be overcome. The problems that a component with a spherical, hemispheric, hemispherical-shell, columnar, or tubular shape, or irregular shape can not be manufactured, thickness of each layer can not be accurately controlled, and a microstructure and performance of each layer can not be accurately controlled by the existing dry powder cold pressing molding, tape casting, or electrostatic deposition processes, can be overcome.

3. The multilayer shell-core structural component of the present disclosure, has a ceramic shell layer with a high hardness in the shell surface, high wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance, and high matching ability and stability of performances. The shell layer is large and homogeneous in thickness and has a dense microstructure. The shell layer is combined with the core layer through a transition layer, so the multilayer shell-core structural component has high adhesive strength, high flexural strength, high fracture toughness and crack resistance, excellent mechanical bearing capacity, and high matching ability and stability of performance.

4. The multi-material powder co-injection molding processes according to the present disclosure are simple to implement, high precise in size control, near net shape in forming processes, and have high production efficiency and low cost, which is more adaptable for manufacturing components with irregular shape.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 to FIG. 5 schematically illustrate several different cross-sectional views of artificial femoral ball heads having a multilayer shell-core composite structure according to a first and second embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is schematically illustrates a flow chart of a manufacturing method of a multilayer shell-core structural component according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of a femoral condyle prosthesis (prosthetic knees) having a multilayer shell-core composite structure according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure, where the drawing (a) is a side-view, and the drawing (b) is a front-view;

FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of an artificial acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure according to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure according to a fifth embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of a ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure according to a sixth embodiment of the present disclosure, where the drawings on both sides show a bonnet respectively, and the drawing in the middle shows a valve body.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, the disclosure will be described in detail with several embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

First Embodiment

A femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, is composed of a ceramic spherical shell layer 1 including high purity and superfine alumina, an alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer 5 (namely, transition layer), and a niobium metal core 2. The multilayer composite structure may have five different structures, which are illustrated in FIG. 1 to FIG. 5 and may be selected according to requirements of practical applications.

Referring to FIG. 6, a method for manufacturing a femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in the first embodiment may include:

(1) preparing feedstocks for powder injection molding which include high-purity and superfine alumina powder, alumina-based (niobium) cermet compound powder, and niobium metal powder. The high-purity and superfine alumina powder may have a purity greater than 99.9 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. The niobium metal powder may have a purity greater than 99.8 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. In order to decrease sintering temperature and improve sintering performance, magnesium oxide (MgO) powder with a concentration of 0.25 wt. % may be added into the high-purity and superfine alumina powder, and cobalt (Co) powder with a concentration of 3 wt. % may be added into the niobium metal powder, both of which may act as sintering aids. After preparation, the modified alumina powder, alumina-based (niobium) cermet compound powder and niobium metal powder are mixed with polyoxymethylene resin binder (89 wt. % polyformaldehyde, 5 wt. % high density polyethylene and 6 wt. % other binding assistant agent). The mixture is then mixed under a temperature of about 180° C. for about two and a half hours, so that a feedstock called as polyaldehydes system is obtained, which has a solid loading (solid content) greater than 55 vol. %.

(2) by using three sets of moulds, performing injection molding successively to obtain the niobium metal core 2, the alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer 5, and the alumina spherical shell layer 1, of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer—niobium metal. Firstly, feedstocks including niobium metal polyaldehydes are injected into a core mould (a first mould) to obtain the niobium metal core 2 having a bore-hole 3. Then, by using the niobium metal core 2 as an insert, a complex with the alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer 5 covering the niobium metal core 2 may be obtained through injection molding in a second mould. Then, by using the complex with the alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer 5 covering the niobium metal core 2 as an insert, a green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, which includes alumina ceramic—alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer—niobium metal, may be obtained through injection molding in a third mould. The temperature of the injection may be in a range from about 170° C. to about 180° C., the pressure of the injection may be in a range from about 110 MPa to about 130 MPa, the dwell pressure may be in a range from about 70 MPa to about 80 MPa, and the cooling time may be in a range from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.

(3) if necessary, performing surface finishing on an alumina spherical shell surface 4 and the bore-hole 3 formed in the niobium metal core 2 of the green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, which includes alumina ceramic—alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer—niobium metal.

(4) performing catalytic debinding on the green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer—niobium metal in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., where hydrogen nitrate is used as debinding catalyst, nitrogen is used as debinding carrier gas, and the catalytic debinding process may last for about 5 hours.

(5) after being catalytic debound, sintering the green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—alumina (niobium) transition layer—niobium metal in a controlled atmosphere Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) furnace, where the sintering is performed at a temperature of about 1450° C., a pressure of about 35 MPa, and the soaking time is about 1 hour, so that an alumina spherical shell layer 1 which has a relative density greater than 99% and a hardness greater than HV1950, an alumina (niobium) transition layer 5 which becomes densification and toughness and the niobium metal core 2, may be obtained.

(6) according to size requirements of the products, performing micro-machining on the alumina ceramic spherical shell surface 4 and the bore-hole 3 of the sintering body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, which includes alumina ceramic—alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer—niobium metal.

(7) finally, polishing the alumina ceramic spherical shell surface 4 by using SiC ultrafine powder and diamond abrasive paste, to obtain the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic-alumina-based (niobium) cermet interlayer—niobium metal, so that a smooth finished surface, and a proper dimensional coordination between the bore-hole 3 and the femoral component may be obtained.

Second Embodiment

A femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, includes a ceramic spherical shell layer 1 including high purity and superfine alumina, a toughening ceramic interlayer 5 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ and a toughening ceramic core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃.

Referring to FIG. 6, a method for manufacturing a femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in the second embodiment may include:

(1) preparing feedstocks for powder injection molding which include high-purity and superfine alumina powder, and compound powder of ZrO₂ (3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ and compound powder of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃. The high-purity and superfine alumina powder may have a purity greater than 99.9 wt %, and a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. The ZrO₂ powder may have a purity greater than 99.8 wt %, and a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. In order to decrease sintering temperature and improve sintering performance, magnesium oxide (MgO) powder with a concentration of 0.25 wt. % may be added into the high-purity and superfine alumina powder as sintering aids. After preparation, the modified alumina powder, compound powder of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ and compound powder of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ are mixed with polyoxymethylene resin binder (89 wt. % polyformaldehyde, 5 wt. % high density polyethylene and 6 wt. % other binding assistant agent). The mixture is then mixed under a temperature of about 180° C. for about two and a half hours, so that a feedstock of polyaldehydes system, having a solid loading (solid content) greater than 55 vol. %, can be obtained.

(2) by using three sets of moulds, performing injection molding successively to obtain the core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃, the interlayer 5 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃, and the alumina spherical shell layer 1 of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—interlayer of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃—core of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃. Firstly, feedstocks including ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ polyaldehydes are injected into a core mould (a first mould) to obtain the core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ having a bore-hole 3. Then, by using the core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ as an insert, a complex with the interlayer 5 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ covering the core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ may be obtained through injection molding in a second mould. Then, using the complex with the interlayer 5 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ covering the core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ as an insert, a green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—interlayer of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃—core of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃, may be obtained through injection molding in a third mould. The temperature of the injection may be in a range from about 170° C. to about 180° C., the pressure of the injection may be in a range from about 110 MPa to about 130 MPa, the dwell pressure may be in a range from about 70 MPa to about 80 MPa, and the cooling time may be in a range from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.

(3) if necessary, performing surface finishing on an alumina spherical shell surface 4 and the bore-hole 3 formed in the core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ of the green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—interlayer of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃—core of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃.

(4) performing catalytic debinding on the green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—interlayer of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃—core of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., where hydrogen nitrate is used as debinding catalyst, nitrogen is used as debinding carrier gas, and the catalytic debinding may last for about 5 hours.

(5) after being catalytic debound, sintering the green body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—interlayer of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃—core of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ in an air furnace, where the sintering may be performed at a temperature of about 1600° C., and the soaking time is about 1 hour, so that an alumina spherical shell layer 1 which has a relative density greater than 99%, a hardness greater than HV1950, an interlayer 5 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ which is densified and toughed and a core 2 of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ which has a fracture toughness greater than 10 MPa·m^(1/2), may be obtained.

(6) according to size requirements of the products, performing micro-machining on the alumina ceramic spherical shell surface 4 and the bore-hole 3 of the sintering body of the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—interlayer of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃—core of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃.

(7) finally, polishing the alumina ceramic spherical shell surface 4 by using SiC ultrafine powder and diamond abrasive paste, to obtain the femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure including alumina ceramic—interlayer of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃—core of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃, which has a smooth finished surface, and a proper dimensional coordination between the bore-hole 3 and the femoral component.

Third Embodiment

A femoral condyle prosthesis (one component of an artificial knee-joint) having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, includes a Ti6Al4V core layer 1, a transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃, a transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, and a high-purity and superfine ceramic shell layer 4.

Referring to FIG. 6, a method for manufacturing a femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in the third embodiment may include:

(1) preparing feedstocks for powder injection molding which include high-purity and superfine alumina powder, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃, and Ti6Al4V powder. The high-purity and superfine alumina powder may have a purity greater than 99.9 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 5 μm. The Ti6Al4V powder may have a purity greater than 99.5 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 10 μm to 35 μm. In order to decrease sintering temperature and improve sintering performance, magnesium oxide (MgO) powder with a concentration of 0.1 wt. % may be added into the high-purity and superfine alumina powder as sintering aids. After preparation, the modified alumina powder, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃, and Ti6Al4V powder are mixed with polyoxymethylene resin binder (89 wt. % polyformaldehyde, 5 wt. % high density polyethylene and 6 wt. % other binding assistant agent). The mixture is then mixed under a temperature of about 180° C. for about two and a half hours, so that a feedstock of a polyaldehydes system is obtained, which has a solid loading (solid content) greater than 60 vol. %.

(2) by using four sets of moulds, performing co-injection molding successively to obtain the Ti6Al4V core layer 1, the transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-20 wt. % Al₂O₃, the transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ and the high-purity and superfine alumina ceramic shell layer 4 of the femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure. Firstly, feedstocks including Ti6Al4V polyaldehydes are injected into a first mould to obtain the Ti6Al4V core layer 1 of the femoral condyle prosthesis. Then, by using the Ti6Al4V core layer 1 as an insert, a complex with the transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ covering the Ti6Al4V core layer 1 may be obtained through injection molding in a second mould. Then, by using the complex of the transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-20 wt. % Al₂O₃/the Ti6Al4V core layer 1 as an insert, a compound covered by the transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ may be obtained through injection molding in a third mould. Then, by using the complex of the transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-80 wt. % Al₂O₃/the transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-20 wt. % Al₂O₃/the Ti6Al4V core layer 1 as an insert, a green body of the femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure which is covered by the high-purity and superfine Al₂O₃ ceramic shell layer 4, may be obtained through injection molding in a fourth mould. The temperature of the injection may be in a range from about 170° C. to about 180° C., the pressure of the injection may be in a range from about 100 MPa to about 120 MPa, the dwell pressure may be in a range from about 70 MPa to about 85 MPa, and the cooling time may be in a range from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.

(3) if necessary, performing surface finishing on the alumina shell layer 4 and the Ti6Al4V core layer 1 of the green body of the femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure.

(4) performing catalytic debinding on the green body of the femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., where hydrogen nitrate is used as debinding catalyst, nitrogen is used as debinding carrier gas, and the catalytic debinding may last for about 5 hours.

(5) after being catalytic debound, sintering the green body of the femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in a controlled atmosphere Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) furnace, where the sintering may be performed at a temperature of about 1420° C., a pressure of about 40 MPa, and the soaking time is about 1 hour, so that an alumina shell layer 4 which has a relative density greater than 99.5% and a hardness greater than HV1950, densified and toughed transition layers 2 and 3, and a Ti6Al4V core layer 1 which has a high fracture toughness and has a relative density greater than 99.0%, may be obtained.

(6) according to size requirements of the products, performing micro-machining on the alumina shell layer 4 of the sintering body of the femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure.

(7) then, polishing the alumina shell layer 4 by using SiC ultrafine powder and diamond abrasive paste, to obtain the femoral condyle prosthesis having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, which has a smooth finished surface.

Fourth Embodiment

An acetabulum (one component of an artificial hip joint) having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, includes a high-purity and superfine Al₂O₃ ceramic core layer 1, a transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, a transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃, and a Ti6Al4V shell layer 4.

Referring to FIG. 6, a method for manufacturing an acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in the fourth embodiment may include:

(1) preparing feedstocks for powder injection molding which include high-purity and superfine alumina powder, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃, and Ti6Al4V powder. The high-purity and superfine alumina powder may have a purity greater than 99.9 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 5 μm. The Ti6Al4V powder may have a purity greater than 99.5 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 10 μm to 35 μm. In order to decrease sintering temperature and improve sintering performance, magnesium oxide (MgO) powder with a concentration of 0.1 wt. % may be added into the high-purity and superfine alumina powder as sintering aids. After preparation, the modified alumina powder, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, compound powder of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃, and Ti6Al4V powder are mixed with polyoxymethylene resin binder (89 wt. % polyformaldehyde, 5 wt. % high density polyethylene and 6 wt. % other binding assistant agent). The mixture is then mixed under a temperature of about 180° C. for about two and a half hours, so that a polyaldehydes system is obtained, which has a solid loading (solid content) greater than 60 vol. %.

(2) by using four sets of moulds, performing co-injection molding successively to obtain the high-purity and superfine Al₂O₃ ceramic core layer 1, the transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, the transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃ and the Ti6Al4V shell layer 4 of the acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure. Firstly, feedstocks including Ti6Al4V polyaldehydes are injected into a first mould to obtain the Ti6Al4V shell layer 4. Then, by using the Ti6Al4V shell layer 4 as an inserts, a complex with the transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-20 wt. % Al₂O₃ covering the Ti6Al4V shell layer 4 may be obtained through injection molding in a second mould. Then, by using the complex of the transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-20 wt. % Al₂O₃/the Ti6Al4V shell layer 4 as an inserts, a complex covered by the transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-80 wt. % Al₂O₃ may be obtained through injection molding in a third mould. Then, by using the complex of the transition layer 2 of Ti6Al4V-80 wt. % Al₂O₃/the transition layer 3 of Ti6Al4V-20 wt. % Al₂O₃/the Ti6Al4V shell layer 4 as an inserts, a green body of the acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure which is covered by the high-purity and superfine Al₂O₃ ceramic core layer 1, may be obtained through injection molding in a fourth mould. The temperature of the injection may be in a range from about 170° C. to about 180° C., the pressure of the injection may be in a range from about 100 MPa to about 120 MPa, the dwell pressure may be in a range from about 70 MPa to about 85 MPa, and the cooling time may be in a range from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.

(3) if necessary, performing surface finishing on the Al₂O₃ ceramic core layer 1 and the Ti6Al4V shell layer 4 of the green body of the acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure.

(4) performing catalytic debinding on the green body of the acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., where hydrogen nitrate is used as debinding catalyst, nitrogen is used as debinding carrier gas, and the catalytic debinding may last for about 5 hours.

(5) after being catalytic debound, sintering the green body of the acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in a controlled atmosphere Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) furnace, where the sintering may be performed at a temperature of about 1420° C., a pressure of about 40 MPa, and the soaking time is about 1 hour, so that an alumina core layer 1 which has a relative density greater than 99.5% and a hardness greater than HV1950, transition layers 2 and 3 which are densified and toughed, and a Ti6Al4V shell layer 4 which has a high fracture toughness and has a relative density greater than 99.0%, may be obtained.

(6) according to size requirements of the products, performing micro-machining on a surface of the alumina core layer 1 of the sintering body of the acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure.

(7) then, polishing a surface of the alumina core layer 1 by using SiC ultrafine powder and diamond abrasive paste, to obtain the acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, which has a smooth finished surface, and a proper dimensional coordination with a femoral ball head.

Fifth Embodiment

A ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, is composed of a ZrO₂(Y+Ce) shell layer 1, a transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), a transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and a 17-4PH stainless steel core spindle 4.

Referring to FIG. 6, a method for manufacturing a ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in the fifth embodiment may include:

(1) preparing feedstocks for powder injection molding which include ZrO₂(Y+Ce) powder, compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce) compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and 17-4PH stainless steel powder. The ZrO₂ powder may have a purity greater than 98.5 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 0.2 μm to 0.5 μm. The 17-4PH stainless steel powder may have a purity greater than 98.8 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 5 μm to 25 μm. In order to ensure performance, 1.5% mol Y₂O₃ powder and 4% mol CeO₂ powder may be added into the ZrO₂ powder as stabilizing additive, to obtain partially stabilized ZrO₂(Y+Ce) powder. After preparation, the modified ZrO₂(Y+Ce) powder, compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂ ((Y+Ce), compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and 17-4PH stainless steel powder are mixed with polyoxymethylene resin binder (89 wt. % polyformaldehyde, 5 wt. % high density polyethylene and 6 wt. % other binding assistant agent). The mixture is then mixed under a temperature of about 180° C. for about two and a half hours, so that a polyaldehydes system is obtained, which has a solid loading (solid content) greater than 55 vol. %.

(2) by using four sets of moulds, performing co-injection molding successively to obtain the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) shell layer 1, the transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and the 17-4PH stainless steel core spindle 4 of the ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure. Firstly, feedstocks including 17-4PH stainless steel polyaldehydes are injected into a first mould to obtain the 17-4PH stainless steel core spindle 4 of the ceramic plunger. Then, by using the stainless steel core spindle 4 as an inserts, a complex with the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce) covering the stainless steel core spindle 4 may be obtained through injection molding in a second mould. Then, by using the complex of the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce)/the stainless steel core spindle 4 as an inserts, a complex covered by the transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce) may be obtained through injection molding in a third mould. At last, by using the complex of the transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce)/the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce)/the stainless steel core spindle 4 as an inserts, a green body of the ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure which is covered by the superfine ZrO₂(Y+Ce) ceramic shell layer 1, may be obtained through injection molding in a fourth mould. The temperature of the injection may be in a range from about 170° C. to about 180° C., the pressure of the injection may be in a range from about 100 MPa to about 120 MPa, the dwell pressure may be in a range from about 70 MPa to about 85 MPa, and the cooling time may be in a range from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.

(3) if necessary, performing surface finishing on the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) shell layer 1 and the 17-4PH stainless steel core spindle 4 of the green body of the ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure.

(4) performing catalytic debinding on the green body of the ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., where hydrogen nitrate is used as debinding catalyst, nitrogen is used as debinding carrier gas, and the catalytic debinding may last for about 5 hours.

(5) after being catalytic debound, sintering the green body of the ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in a controlled atmosphere Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) furnace, where the sintering may be performed at a temperature of about 1350° C., a pressure of about 35 MPa, and the soaking time is about 1 hour, so that a ZrO₂ shell layer 1 which has a relative density greater than 98.8% and a hardness greater than HV1500, transition layers 2 and 3 which are densified and toughed, and a 17-4PH stainless steel core spindle 4, may be obtained.

(6) according to size requirements of the products, performing micro-machining on a surface of the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) shell layer 1, and performing machining on both ends of the 17-4PH stainless steel core spindle 4.

(7) finally, polishing a surface of the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) shell layer 1 by using SiC ultrafine powder and diamond abrasive paste, to obtain the ceramic plunger having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, which has a smooth finished surface, and a proper dimensional coordination with a mantle of the ceramic plunger.

Sixth Embodiment

A fully padded ceramic ball valve body (including one valve body and two bonnets) having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, is composed of a ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1, a transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), a transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and a 17-4PH stainless steel valve shell 4.

Referring to FIG. 6, a method for manufacturing a fully padded ceramic ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in the sixth embodiment may include:

(1) preparing feedstocks for powder injection molding which include ZrO₂(Y+Ce) powder, compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and 17-4PH stainless steel powder. The ZrO₂ powder may have a purity greater than 98.5 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 0.2 μm to 1.5 μm. The 17-4PH stainless steel powder may have a purity greater than 98.8 wt %, have a particle size ranging from 5 μm to 35 μm. In order to improve performance, 1.5% mol Y₂O₃ powder and 4% mol CeO₂ powder may be added into the ZrO₂ powder as stabilizing additive, to obtain partially stabilized ZrO₂(Y+Ce) powder. After preparation, the modified ZrO₂(Y+Ce) powder, compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), compound powder of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and 17-4PH stainless steel powder are mixed with polyoxymethylene resin binder (89 wt. % polyformaldehyde, 5 wt. % high density polyethylene and 6 wt. % other binding assistant agent). The mixture is then mixed under a temperature of about 180° C. for about two and a half hours, so that a polyaldehydes system is obtained, which has a solid loading (solid content) greater than 55 vol. %.

(2) by using four sets of moulds, performing co-injection molding successively to obtain the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1, the transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce), and the 17-4PH stainless steel valve shell 4 of the fully padded ceramic ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure. Firstly, feedstocks including 17-4PH stainless steel polyaldehydes are injected into a first mould to obtain the 17-4PH stainless steel valve shell 4. Then, by using the stainless steel valve shell 4 as an inserts, a complex with the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce) covering the stainless steel valve shell 4 may be obtained through injection molding in a second mould. Then, by using the complex of the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce)/the stainless steel valve shell 4 as an inserts, a complex covered by the transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce) may be obtained through injection molding in a third mould. At last, by using the complex of the transition layer 2 of 17-4PH stainless steel—60 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce)/the transition layer 3 of 17-4PH stainless steel—30 vol. % ZrO₂(Y+Ce)/the stainless steel valve shell 4 as an inserts, a green body of the fully padded ceramic ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure which is covered by the superfine ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1, may be obtained through injection molding in a fourth mould. The temperature of the injection may be in a range from about 170° C. to about 180° C., the pressure of the injection may be in a range from about 100 MPa to about 120 MPa, the dwell pressure may be in a range from about 70 MPa to about 85 MPa, and the cooling time may be in a range from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.

(3) if necessary, performing surface finishing on the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1 and the 17-4PH stainless steel valve shell 4 of the green body of the fully padded ceramic ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure.

(4) performing catalytic debinding on the green body of the fully padded ceramic ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., where hydrogen nitrate is used as debinding catalyst, nitrogen is used as debinding carrier gas, and the catalytic debinding may last for about 5 hours.

(5) after being catalytic debound, sintering the green body of the fully padded ceramic ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure in a controlled atmosphere Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) furnace, where the sintering may be performed at a temperature of about 1350° C., a pressure of about 35 MPa, and the soaking time is about 1 hour, so that a ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1 which has a relative density greater than 98.8% and a hardness greater than HV1450, densified and toughed transition layers 2 and 3, and a 17-4PH stainless steel valve shell 4, may be obtained.

(6) according to size requirements of the products, performing micro-machining on a surface of the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1, and if necessary, performing machining on the 17-4PH stainless valve shell 4.

(7) finally, polishing a surface of the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1 by using SiC ultrafine powder and diamond abrasive paste, especially a round surface of the ZrO₂(Y+Ce) valve liner 1 of two bonnets, so as to obtain the fully padded ceramic ball valve body having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, which has a smooth finished surface, and a proper dimensional coordination with a valve spool of the ceramic ball valve.

Although the present disclosure has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it should be understood that the disclosure is presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Those skilled in the art can modify and vary the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for manufacturing a hip joint prosthesis, the prosthesis comprising a femoral ball head and an acetabulum, either of which comprises a multilayer shell-core composite structure, and a method for manufacturing the multilayer shell-core composite structure comprises: preparing feedstocks of a shell layer, a transition layer and a core layer for powder injection molding, respectively, each of the feedstocks being formed by mixing a main powder of one of the three layers, a binder and an additive comprising a surface active agent and a plasticizer, wherein the main powder of the transition layer comprises at least one mixed powder formed by mixing the main powder of the shell layer with the main powder of the core layer at a ratio; performing a powder injection molding with the feedstocks, to obtain a green body of the prosthesis comprising the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer; performing debinding on the green body of the prosthesis; and sintering the green body of the prosthesis after being debound, to obtain the prosthesis; wherein, for the femoral ball head, the main powder of the core layer is made of a first powdered toughening ceramic material, and the main powder of the shell layer is made of a first powdered ceramic material; and for the acetabulum, the main powder of the core layer is made of a second powdered ceramic material, and the main powder of the shell layer is made of a metal powder material or a second powdered toughening ceramic material.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein performing a powder injection molding comprises: providing a core layer mould, a transition layer mould and a shell layer mould; injecting the feedstock of the core layer into the core mould to obtain a green body of the core layer; using the green body of the core layer as an insert in the transition layer mould, injecting the feedstock of the transition layer into the transition layer mould to obtain a complex green body of a green body of the transition layer covering the green body of the core layer; and using the complex green body as an insert in the shell layer mould, injecting the feedstock of the shell layer into the shell layer mould to obtain a green body of the prosthesis.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein performing a powder injection molding comprises: performing a co-injection molding through an injection device driven by a slider block on a multi-material powder co-injection machine to obtain a green body of the prosthesis.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first powdered ceramic material and the second powdered ceramic material are selected from a group consisting of alumina, zirconia, titanium carbide, chromium carbide, silicon carbide, boron carbide, zirconium carbide, tantalum carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium nitride, chromium nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, zirconium nitride and tantalum nitride, or combinations thereof; the first powdered toughening ceramic material and the second powdered toughening ceramic material are selected from a group consisting of cermet, ZrO₂ toughening ceramic, whisker toughening ceramic and fiber toughening ceramic, or combinations thereof; and the metal powder material is selected from a group consisting of niobium, zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, aluminum and iron, or combinations thereof.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the main powder of the transition layer comprises a plurality of mixed powder formed by mixing the main powder of the shell layer with the main powder of the core layer at different ratios to form multiple sub-layers of the transition layer; and the multiple sub-layers are formed between the shell layer and the core layer, where the main powder of the shell layer takes up a main proportion in the main powder of the sub-layer closer to the shell layer, and the main powder of the core layer takes up a main proportion in the main powder of the sub-layer closer to the core layer.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein a feedstock of each of the multiple sub-layers of the transition layer is prepared respectively, and green bodies of the sub-layers are formed using powder injection molding process respectively.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: performing surface finishing on the green body of the prosthesis prior to debinding.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer each have a thickness ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 20 mm, and a relative density of more than 97%.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein, for the femoral ball head, the main powder of the core layer is compound powder of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃, the main powder of the transition layer is compound powder of ZrO₂ (3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃, and the main powder of the shell layer is alumina powder.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein, the powder injection molding is performed at a temperature ranging from about 170° C. to about 180° C., a pressure ranging from about 110 MPa to about 130 MPa, a dwell pressure ranging from about 70 MPa to about 80 MPa, and a cooling duration ranging from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.
 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the debinding on the green body comprises a catalytic debinding process, which is performed in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., with hydrogen nitrate as a debinding catalyst and nitrogen as a debinding carrier gas, and a debinding duration of about 5 hours; and wherein sintering the green body is performed in an air furnace with a sintering temperature of about 1600° C., duration of about 1 hour.
 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the alumina powder has a purity greater than 99.9 wt %, and a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 10 μm; and the ZrO₂ powder has a purity greater than 99.8 wt %, and a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 10 μm; and wherein the feedstocks further comprises a magnesium oxide powder with a concentration of 0.25 wt. % added as a sintering aid, and a polyoxymethylene resin binder added as the binder.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein, for the acetabulum, the main powder of the core layer is alumina powder and the main powder of the shell layer is Ti6Al4V powder; and wherein the transition layer comprises a first sub-layer closer to the core layer and a second sub-layer closer to the shell layer, the main powder of the first sub-layer is compound powder of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, and the main powder of the second sub-layer is compound powder of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃.
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein, the powder injection molding is performed at a temperature ranging from about 170° C. to about 180° C., a pressure of the injection ranging from about 100 MPa to about 120 MPa, a dwell pressure ranging from about 70 MPa to about 85 MPa, and a cooling duration ranging from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes.
 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the debinding on the green body comprises a catalytic debinding process, which is performed on the green body in an atmosphere furnace with a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 120° C., with hydrogen nitrate used as a debinding catalyst and nitrogen used as a debinding carrier gas, and with a debinding duration of 5 hours; and wherein sintering the green body is performed in a controlled atmosphere Hot Isostatic Pressing furnace, with a sintering temperature of about 1420° C., a pressure of about 40 MPa, and a soaking time of about 1 hour.
 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the alumina powder has a purity greater than 99.9 wt %, and a particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 5 μm; and the Ti6Al4V powder has a purity greater than 99.5 wt %, and a particle size ranging from 10 μm to 35 μm; and wherein the feedstocks further comprises a magnesium oxide powder with a concentration of 0.1 wt. % added as a sintering aid, and a polyoxymethylene resin binder added as the binder.
 17. A method for manufacturing a femoral ball head having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, comprising: preparing feedstocks of a shell layer, a transition layer and a core layer for powder injection molding, respectively, each of the feedstocks being formed by mixing a main powder of one of the three layers, a binder and an additive comprising a surface active agent and a plasticizer, wherein the main powder of the transition layer comprises at least one mixed powder formed by mixing the main powder of the shell layer with the main powder of the core layer at a ratio; performing a powder injection molding with the feedstocks, to obtain a green body of the femoral ball head comprising the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer; performing debinding on the green body of the femoral ball head; and sintering the green body of the femoral ball head after being debound, to obtain the femoral ball head; wherein the main powder of the core layer is made of a powdered toughening ceramic material, and the main powder of the shell layer is made of a powdered ceramic material.
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the main powder of the core layer is compound powder of ZrO₂(3Y₂O₃)-20 wt. % Al₂O₃, the main powder of the transition layer is compound powder of ZrO₂ (3Y₂O₃)-80 wt. % Al₂O₃, and the main powder of the shell layer is alumina powder.
 19. A method for manufacturing an acetabulum having a multilayer shell-core composite structure, comprising: preparing feedstocks of a shell layer, a transition layer and a core layer for powder injection molding, respectively, each of the feedstocks being formed by mixing a main powder of one of the three layers, a binder and an additive comprising a surface active agent and a plasticizer, wherein the main powder of the transition layer comprises at least one mixed powder formed by mixing the main powder of the shell layer with the main powder of the core layer at a ratio; performing a powder injection molding with the feedstocks, to obtain a green body of the acetabulum comprising the shell layer, the transition layer and the core layer; performing debinding on the green body of the acetabulum; and sintering the green body of the acetabulum after being debound, to obtain the acetabulum; wherein the main powder of the core layer is made of a powdered ceramic material, and the main powder of the shell layer is made of a metal powder material or a powdered toughening ceramic material.
 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the main powder of the core layer is alumina powder and the main powder of the shell layer is Ti6Al4V powder; and wherein the transition layer comprises a first sub-layer closer to the core layer and a second sub-layer closer to the shell layer, the main powder of the first sub-layer is compound powder of Ti6Al4V-60 vol. % Al₂O₃, and the main powder of the second sub-layer is compound powder of Ti6Al4V-20 vol. % Al₂O₃. 